For decades, public health officials have worked tirelessly to reduce deaths and illnesses associated with vaccine-preventable diseases, provide access to clean water to reduce disease transmission, and strengthen the health of communities worldwide. However, the COVID-19 pandemic, which has dominated the public health landscape in recent years, has led to a significant regression in gains previously made in various areas of public health. Within the last two years, children experienced the largest sustained decline in childhood vaccinations recorded over the past 30 years. Low-and-middle-income countries, including Nigeria and India, recorded the highest numbers of children missing routine immunization.

Previous studies indicate that a large proportion of children who miss out on vaccination services may already be accessing treatment and healthcare services in health facilities . These missed opportunities may be due to failure to execute established vaccination policies and procedures. Specifically, these may include the inability of healthcare providers to screen patients for vaccine eligibility due to priority given to treatment for the acute condition for which care is sought, vaccine shortages and vaccination clinic inaccessibility for inpatients, perceived contraindications to vaccination on the part of healthcare providers and caregivers of children, and lack of health education.